A defined abbrev is a word which expands, if you insert it, into some different text. Abbrevs are defined by the user to expand in specific ways. For example, you might define `foo' as an abbrev expanding to `find outer otter'. Then you would be able to insert `find outer otter ' into the buffer by typing f o o SPC.
A second kind of abbreviation facility is called dynamic abbrev expansion. You use dynamic abbrev expansion with an explicit command to expand the letters in the buffer before point by looking for other words in the buffer that start with those letters. See section Dynamic Abbrev Expansion.
An abbrev is a word which has been defined to expand into a specified expansion. When you insert a word-separator character following the abbrev, that expands the abbrev--replacing the abbrev with its expansion. For example, if `foo' is defined as an abbrev expanding to `find outer otter', then you can insert `find outer otter.' into the buffer by typing f o o ..
Abbrevs expand only when Abbrev mode (a minor mode) is enabled.
Disabling Abbrev mode does not cause abbrev definitions to be forgotten,
but they do not expand until Abbrev mode is enabled again. The command
M-x abbrev-mode toggles Abbrev mode; with a numeric argument, it
turns Abbrev mode on if the argument is positive, off otherwise.
See section Minor Modes. abbrev-mode is also a variable; Abbrev mode is
on when the variable is non-nil. The variable abbrev-mode
automatically becomes local to the current buffer when it is set.
Abbrev definitions can be mode-specific---active only in one major mode. Abbrevs can also have global definitions that are active in all major modes. The same abbrev can have a global definition and various mode-specific definitions for different major modes. A mode specific definition for the current major mode overrides a global definition.
Abbrevs can be defined interactively during the editing session. Lists of abbrev definitions can also be saved in files and reloaded in later sessions. Some users keep extensive lists of abbrevs that they load in every session.
add-global-abbrev).
add-mode-abbrev).
inverse-add-global-abbrev).
inverse-add-mode-abbrev).
The usual way to define an abbrev is to enter the text you want the
abbrev to expand to, position point after it, and type C-x a g
(add-global-abbrev). This reads the abbrev itself using the
minibuffer, and then defines it as an abbrev for one or more words before
point. Use a numeric argument to say how many words before point should be
taken as the expansion. For example, to define the abbrev `foo' as
mentioned above, insert the text `find outer otter' and then type
C-u 3 C-x a g f o o RET.
An argument of zero to C-x a g means to use the contents of the region as the expansion of the abbrev being defined.
The command C-x a l (add-mode-abbrev) is similar, but
defines a mode-specific abbrev. Mode specific abbrevs are active only in a
particular major mode. C-x a l defines an abbrev for the major mode
in effect at the time C-x a l is typed. The arguments work the same
as for C-x a g.
If the text already in the buffer is the abbrev, rather than its
expansion, use command C-x a i g
(inverse-add-global-abbrev) instead of C-x a g, or use
C-x a i l (inverse-add-mode-abbrev) instead of C-x a
l. These commands are called "inverse" because they invert the
meaning of the two text strings they use (one from the buffer and one
read with the minibuffer).
To change the definition of an abbrev, just define a new definition. When the abbrev has a prior definition, the abbrev definition commands ask for confirmation for replacing it.
To remove an abbrev definition, give a negative argument to the abbrev definition command: C-u - C-x a g or C-u - C-x a l. The former removes a global definition, while the latter removes a mode-specific definition.
M-x kill-all-abbrevs removes all the abbrev definitions there are, both global and local.
An abbrev expands whenever it is present in the buffer just before point and you type a self-inserting whitespace or punctuation character (SPC, comma, etc.). More precisely, any character that is not a word constituent expands an abbrev, and any word constituent character can be part of an abbrev. The most common way to use an abbrev is to insert it and then insert a punctuation character to expand it.
Abbrev expansion preserves case; thus, `foo' expands into `find
outer otter'; `Foo' into `Find outer otter', and `FOO' into
`FIND OUTER OTTER' or `Find Outer Otter' according to the
variable abbrev-all-caps (a non-nil value chooses the first
of the two expansions).
These commands are used to control abbrev expansion:
abbrev-prefix-mark).
expand-abbrev).
This is effective even when Abbrev mode is not enabled.
You may wish to expand an abbrev with a prefix attached; for example,
if `cnst' expands into `construction', you might want to use
it to enter `reconstruction'. It does not work to type
recnst, because that is not necessarily a defined abbrev. What
you can do is use the command M-' (abbrev-prefix-mark) in
between the prefix `re' and the abbrev `cnst'. First, insert
`re'. Then type M-'; this inserts a hyphen in the buffer to
indicate that it has done its work. Then insert the abbrev `cnst';
the buffer now contains `re-cnst'. Now insert a non-word character
to expand the abbrev `cnst' into `construction'. This
expansion step also deletes the hyphen that indicated M-' had been
used. The result is the desired `reconstruction'.
If you actually want the text of the abbrev in the buffer, rather than its expansion, you can accomplish this by inserting the following punctuation with C-q. Thus, foo C-q , leaves `foo,' in the buffer.
If you expand an abbrev by mistake, you can undo the expansion and bring back the abbrev itself by typing C-_ to undo (see section Undoing Changes). This also undoes the insertion of the non-word character that expanded the abbrev. If the result you want is the terminating non-word character plus the unexpanded abbrev, you must reinsert the terminating character, quoting it with C-q.
M-x expand-region-abbrevs searches through the region for defined abbrevs, and for each one found offers to replace it with its expansion. This command is useful if you have typed in text using abbrevs but forgot to turn on Abbrev mode first. It may also be useful together with a special set of abbrev definitions for making several global replacements at once. This command is effective even if Abbrev mode is not enabled.
Expanding an abbrev runs the hook pre-abbrev-expand-hook
(see section Hooks).
The output from M-x list-abbrevs looks like this:
(lisp-mode-abbrev-table) "dk" 0 "define-key" (global-abbrev-table) "dfn" 0 "definition"
(Some blank lines of no semantic significance, and some other abbrev tables, have been omitted.)
A line containing a name in parentheses is the header for abbrevs in a
particular abbrev table; global-abbrev-table contains all the global
abbrevs, and the other abbrev tables that are named after major modes
contain the mode-specific abbrevs.
Within each abbrev table, each nonblank line defines one abbrev. The word at the beginning of the line is the abbrev. The number that follows is the number of times the abbrev has been expanded. Emacs keeps track of this to help you see which abbrevs you actually use, so that you can eliminate those that you don't use often. The string at the end of the line is the expansion.
M-x edit-abbrevs allows you to add, change or kill abbrev definitions by editing a list of them in an Emacs buffer. The list has the same format described above. The buffer of abbrevs is called `*Abbrevs*', and is in Edit-Abbrevs mode. Type C-c C-c in this buffer to install the abbrev definitions as specified in the buffer--and delete any abbrev definitions not listed.
The command edit-abbrevs is actually the same as
list-abbrevs except that it selects the buffer `*Abbrevs*'
whereas list-abbrevs merely displays it in another window.
These commands allow you to keep abbrev definitions between editing sessions.
M-x write-abbrev-file reads a file name using the minibuffer and then writes a description of all current abbrev definitions into that file. This is used to save abbrev definitions for use in a later session. The text stored in the file is a series of Lisp expressions that, when executed, define the same abbrevs that you currently have.
M-x read-abbrev-file reads a file name using the minibuffer and
then reads the file, defining abbrevs according to the contents of the
file. M-x quietly-read-abbrev-file is the same except that it
does not display a message in the echo area saying that it is doing its
work; it is actually useful primarily in the `.emacs' file. If an
empty argument is given to either of these functions, they use the file
name specified in the variable abbrev-file-name, which is by
default "~/.abbrev_defs".
Emacs will offer to save abbrevs automatically if you have changed any of
them, whenever it offers to save all files (for C-x s or C-x
C-c). This feature can be inhibited by setting the variable
save-abbrevs to nil.
The commands M-x insert-abbrevs and M-x define-abbrevs are similar to the previous commands but work on text in an Emacs buffer. M-x insert-abbrevs inserts text into the current buffer before point, describing all current abbrev definitions; M-x define-abbrevs parses the entire current buffer and defines abbrevs accordingly.
The abbrev facility described above operates automatically as you insert text, but all abbrevs must be defined explicitly. By contrast, dynamic abbrevs allow the meanings of abbrevs to be determined automatically from the contents of the buffer, but dynamic abbrev expansion happens only when you request it explicitly.
dabbrev-expand).
dabbrev-completion).
For example, if the buffer contains `does this follow ' and you type f o M-/, the effect is to insert `follow' because that is the last word in the buffer that starts with `fo'. A numeric argument to M-/ says to take the second, third, etc. distinct expansion found looking backward from point. Repeating M-/ searches for an alternative expansion by looking farther back. After considering the entire buffer before point, it searches the text after point. After searching all of the current buffer, M-/ searches other buffers.
A negative argument to M-/, as in C-u - M-/, says to search first for expansions after point, and second for expansions before point. If you repeat the M-/ to look for another expansion, do not specify an argument. This tries all the expansions after point and then the expansions before point.
After you have expanded a dynamic abbrev, you can copy additional words that follow the expansion in its original context. Simply type SPC M-/ for each word you want to copy. The spacing and punctuation between words is copied along with the words.
In shell scripts and makefiles, a variable name is sometimes prefixed
with `$' and sometimes not. Major modes for this kind of text can
customize dynamic abbreviation to handle optional prefixes by setting
the variable dabbrev-abbrev-skip-leading-regexp. Its value
should be a regular expression that matches the optional prefix that
dynamic abbreviation should ignore.
The command C-M-/ (dabbrev-completion) performs
completion of a dynamic abbreviation. Instead of trying the possible
expansions one by one, it finds all of them, then inserts the text that
they have in common. If they have nothing in common, C-M-/
displays a list of completions, from which you can select a choice in
the usual manner. See section Completion.
Dynamic abbrev expansion is completely independent of Abbrev mode; the expansion of a word with M-/ is completely independent of whether it has a definition as an ordinary abbrev.