Process | Controls | Function evaluation |
Optimization of a framework | The positions and thickness of beams. | Modeling of the strength, stiffness, may be evaluation for several loadings. |
Optimization of the structure of an enforced composite | The directions and rate of enforcing, the materials used, their percentage. | Modeling of the effective moduli, limiting load, process of decaying |
Efficiency of a chemical reactor | The temperature in several zones, the exposition times, the concentration of components, the presence of a catalyst or inhibitor (Boolean variables) | Rough estimates: computing the mathematical model. Precise measurements: Real life experiments |
Efficiency of a small company | Quantities of producing items, speed of the production, the structure of investments and the debt payments | The modeling includes the production cost, the market relation with build-in uncertainties, long - and short-term profits, insurances, etc. |
Structures like buildings and bridges | Thousands of parameters that characterize the shape and the strength of the design, the material used (Boolean variables) . Constrains define the purpose of the construction and the architect's taste. | Calculation of the inner stresses using the large scale modelling; possible accunts for aging and for various extreme situations such as a storm or earthquake. |
Construction of a can, plane, ship, or spacecraft | Tens of thousand of variables, including the shape, and composition of the body, parameters of an engine. A lot of independent empirical decisions based on traditions, designer experience and taste. | Several level of modelling. A huge model that mimics the performance of the equipment in different regimes, including partial failure. Independent models of the parts of the project. |
Fuzzy problems
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Stock market | Time of buying and selling, types of stocks | If only I knew it! |
Political Projects | Tons of not clearly specified parameters and restrictions including public opinion research, lobbing, forming alliances, bribing, threading, or bombing the opponents | No one knows the long-term goal or the projected response to the project: This is why the experiments in viva are so popular! |