| Process |
Controls |
Function evaluation |
| Optimization of a framework |
The positions and thickness of beams. |
Modeling of the strength, stiffness, may be evaluation for several
loadings. |
| Optimization of the structure of an enforced composite |
The directions and rate of enforcing, the materials used, their percentage. |
Modeling of the effective moduli, limiting load, process of decaying |
| Efficiency of a chemical reactor |
The temperature in several zones, the exposition times, the concentration
of components, the presence of a catalyst or inhibitor (Boolean variables) |
Rough estimates: computing the mathematical model. Precise measurements:
Real life experiments |
| Efficiency of a small company |
Quantities of producing items, speed of the production, the structure
of investments and the debt payments |
The modeling includes the production cost, the market relation with
build-in uncertainties, long - and short-term profits, insurances, etc. |
| Structures like buildings and bridges |
Thousands of parameters that characterize the shape and the strength
of the design, the material used (Boolean variables) . Constrains define
the purpose of the construction and the architect's taste. |
Calculation of the inner stresses using the large scale modelling;
possible accunts for aging and for various extreme situations such as a
storm or earthquake. |
| Construction of a can, plane, ship, or spacecraft |
Tens of thousand of variables, including the shape, and composition
of the body, parameters of an engine. A lot of independent empirical decisions
based on traditions, designer experience and taste. |
Several level of modelling. A huge model that mimics the performance
of the equipment in different regimes, including partial failure. Independent
models of the parts of the project. |
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Fuzzy problems
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| Stock market |
Time of buying and selling, types of stocks |
If only I knew it! |
| Political Projects |
Tons of not clearly specified parameters and restrictions including
public opinion research, lobbing, forming alliances, bribing, threading,
or bombing the opponents |
No one knows the long-term goal or the projected response to the project:
This is why the experiments in viva are so popular! |